Additional notes (click to expand)

Medicinal

Prescription only medicine: atropine, scopolamine

Acetylcholine antagonists. Contain atropine and scopolamine, used to dilate the pupil; speed up the heart; dry up saliva and gastric secretions, and to treat organophosphorous and mushroom poisoning & motion sickness.
Oakeley, Dr. H.F. (2013). Medicines from RCP plants label list 5-2013.docx.

This is a member of the family Solanaceae, and both Atropa belladonna and Hyoscamus niger contain the atropinic alkaloids, hyoscine/scopolamine. This is still used as a premedication prior to surgery as it causes sedation, a degree of amnesia, and is anti-emetic. It also produces a dry mouth and a slow pulse (unlike atropine), but in larger doses hallucinations, coma and death. In the elderly especially it may cause excitement and confusion. Dioscorides (Materia Medica, c. 100 AD) has more information on its sedative and analgesic properties: ‘Ye juice being drunk ... doth expel upward phlegm and black choler ... but being too much drank it drives out life.’ and ‘that there be given of it ... to such as shall be cut, or cauterised ... for they do not apprehend the pain, because they are overborn with dead sleep.’ It is interesting to see that the use of hyoscine/scopolamine has continued for two millennia for the same purpose.
Oakeley, Dr. H. F. (2013). The Gardens of the Pharmacopoeia Londinensis.

Nomenclature

Other common names: Belen; Black Henbane; Chenile; Common Henbane; Devil's Eye; Fetid Nightshade; Hog Bean; Insane Root; Loaves of Bread; Poison Tobacco; Stinking Nightshade.
The Royal Horticultural Society Horticultural Database, available at www.rhs.org.uk

Other use

Black henbane (also known in past centuries as apollinaris and fabasuilla) was recognised by Johnson and Lyte as being poisonous, and while alleviating pain, caused sleep that could be fatal both if drunk or if the skin was washed with a decoction of it. The ability for poisons in plants to be absorbed through the skin is little known in this modern age. Hyoscyamus species contain the same tropane alkaloids as Atropa belladonna, deadly nightshade, and give their name to hyoscyamine and hyoscine, the latter used as a premedication before surgical operations. Used in a poultice it appears to have a local analgesic effect. It was recommended for gout, mastalgia, sore eyes and ureteric stones, but the dangers of it and its merely temporary benefits were well known. Only Dioscorides, Galen (according to Fuchs who reports this) and Turner recognised that it could cause madness (by which they must be referring to the hallucinations it can cause) and advised against its use. Turner recommended smoking the leaves for a cough. The yellow henbane, Hyoscyamus luteolus, of Lobel is Nicotiana rustica and not the yellow-flowered Hyoscyamus albus.
Oakeley, Dr. Henry. (2011). A Year in the Medicinal Garden of the Royal College of Physicians, revised edition. Royal College of Physicians, London. p.79 link

Notes by Henry Oakeley from Lindley's 'Flora Medica' (1838): Henbane, derived from the Anglo-Saxon word for ‘killer of hens’, is the source of the atropinic-like alkaloid hysocine (also called scopolamine). Like many medicines, especially those derived from the Solanaceae family to which it belongs, it is dangerous in overdose. It is used as a premedication prior to anaesthesia as it dries up bronchial secretions, is sedative, anti-emetic and causes a tachycardia that counteracts the bradycardia induced by some anaesthetic agents. It may cause excitement and hallucinations, similar to atropine. In medicine today it is given by injection, but in the past, like Datura, the leaves were smoked as a tobacco substitute. Lindley noted all of this, writing ‘A powerful narcotic, the capsules and seeds of which, smoked like Tobacco, are a rustic remedy for toothache, but convulsions and temporary insanity [viz confusion and hallucinations] are said to be sometimes the consequence of their use. Used medicinally the leaves produce effects very similar to those of opium. It is employed with advantage in ... painters’ colic [it reduces smooth muscle contractions] and mania [it is sedative]... the infusion dropped into the eyes dilates the pupil like Belladona [Atropa belladonna, Deadly Nightshade]’. Datura cigars were smoked to treat asthma in the early years of the NHS.
Lindley, John. (1838). Flora Medica, Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longmans

It was used to flavour German pilsner beers until this was made illegal in 1516
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henbane

Toxicity

Tropane alkaloids.
Professor Anthony Dayan, 2021

Geographical distribution

  • Africa, Northern Africa, Algeria
  • Africa, Northern Africa, Morocco
  • Africa, Northern Africa, Tunisia
  • Asia-Temperate, Caucasus, North Caucasus
  • Asia-Temperate, Caucasus, Transcaucasus
  • Asia-Temperate, China
  • Asia-Temperate, Middle Asia, Kazakhstan
  • Asia-Temperate, Middle Asia, Kyrgyzstan
  • Asia-Temperate, Middle Asia, Tadzhikistan
  • Asia-Temperate, Middle Asia, Turkmenistan
  • Asia-Temperate, Siberia
  • Asia-Temperate, Western Asia, Afghanistan
  • Asia-Temperate, Western Asia, Iran
  • Asia-Temperate, Western Asia, Iraq
  • Asia-Temperate, Western Asia, Lebanon-Syria
  • Asia-Temperate, Western Asia, Turkey
  • Asia-Tropical, Indian Subcontinent, India
  • Asia-Tropical, Indian Subcontinent, Nepal
  • Asia-Tropical, Indian Subcontinent, Pakistan
  • Europe, Eastern Europe, Baltic States
  • Europe, Eastern Europe, Belarus
  • Europe, Eastern Europe, North European Russia
  • Europe, Eastern Europe, Northwest European Russia
  • Europe, Eastern Europe, South European Russia
  • Europe, Eastern Europe, Ukraine
  • Europe, Middle Europe, Austria
  • Europe, Middle Europe, Belgium
  • Europe, Middle Europe, Germany
  • Europe, Middle Europe, Hungary
  • Europe, Middle Europe, Netherlands
  • Europe, Middle Europe, Poland
  • Europe, Middle Europe, Slovakia
  • Europe, Middle Europe, Switzerland
  • Europe, Northern Europe, Denmark
  • Europe, Northern Europe, Great Britain
  • Europe, Northern Europe, Ireland
  • Europe, Northern Europe, Sweden
  • Europe, Southeastern Europe, Albania
  • Europe, Southeastern Europe, Bulgaria
  • Europe, Southeastern Europe, Czech Republic
  • Europe, Southeastern Europe, Greece
  • Europe, Southeastern Europe, Italy
  • Europe, Southeastern Europe, Romania
  • Europe, Southeastern Europe, Yugoslavia
  • Europe, Southwestern Europe, France
  • Europe, Southwestern Europe, Portugal
  • Europe, Southwestern Europe, Spain

Hyoscyamus niger L.

Family: SOLANACEAE
Genus: Hyoscyamus
Species: niger L.
Common names: Henbane
Pharmacopoeia Londinensis name: Hyoscyamus
Distribution summary: Eurasia
Habit: Annual
Hardiness: H5 - Hardy; cold winter
Habitat: Scrub and waste land
Garden status: Currently grown
Garden location: Olive tree bed (O), Europe & Mediterranean (E)
Flowering months: June, July
Reason for growing: Medicinal, toxic, prescription only medicine


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