The bee-balm and bergamot commemorates Nicolás Bautista Monardes (1512–88), physician and botanist from Seville, son of an Italian bookseller and one of the most distinguished physicians of his day (Guerra, 1961). He entered the University of Alcalá de Henares, where he obtained a degree in the arts in 1530 and his medical degree in 1533. He had his practice in Seville, at its University from 1547. While most biographers (Barnhart, 1965) give the year of his birth as 1493, this seems unlikely and 1512 is given in the catalogue of the Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa (Lavoura, 2001) and by other bibliographic sources. It is to Monardes that we owe early information about medicinal plants from the New World, published in three parts (1569, 1571, 1574), the first one being Dos libros, el uno que trata de todas las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales, que sirven al uso de la Medicina, y el otra que trata de la Piedra Bezaar, y la Yerua Escuerçonera (two books, one which deals with all the things which come from West Indies, which are of use in medicine, and the other which deals with the bezoar stone and the herb called Escorzonera (Scorzonera hispánica or Scorzonera humilis)). The second book includes some of the earliest information on tobacco; it was translated into English by John Frampton as Joyfull Newes out of the newe founde Worlde (1577).

He describes tobacco being smoked by the Indians, but no English herbal in the next hundred years describes this usage. This new plant from Latin America was regarded as a wonderful panacea, and tobacco became known as Herba sancta – the holy plant – because of its supposedly curative virtues.Monardes was responsible for much of the enthusiasm for tobacco as a medicine. The sunflower appears here for the first time. Monardes also wrote a book expressing distrust of exotic drugs from the Americas, Diálogo llamado pharmacodilosis (1536), another on venesection in Greek and Arabic medicine, De secanda vena in pleuriti inter Grecos et Arabes concordia (1539), and about the medicinal properties of citrus fruits and roses, De rosa et partibus eius (1540).

In 1537 he married Catalina Morales, the daughter of Garcia Perez Morales, professor of medicine at Seville. They had seven children. In addition to his medical practice he had a business in importing drugs and in the slave trade – which later bankrupted him. After his wife’s death in 1577 he became a cleric (Complete dictionary of scientific biography, 2008). He is reported to havedied from a cerebral haemorrhage. If this was at the age of 95 it would have been extraordinary at that era in history. However, an examination of the ages at which he graduated and published make it likely that he was born around 1512, as proposed in the Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa catalogue, and died aged 76. His works were published in 42 editions and in six languages.

Monarda didyma ‘Violet Queen’ and M. fistulosa in the family Lamiaceae are upright, hardy perennials which hail from North America. The brightly coloured flowers are popular with bees and butterfl ies when grown in a sunny border. They suffer in dry weather so we give them a good mulch of well-rotted manure in early spring and keep them well watered in summer.(Clare Beacham)

The plant has a wide variety of medicinal uses. The Ojibwe put a wad of chewed leaves of this plant into their nostrils to relieve headache. The tops of the plant were dried and used as a sternutatory for the relief of colds. The leaves were placed in warm water baths for babies. The Flambeau Ojibwe gathered and dried the whole plant, boiling it in a vessel to obtain the volatile oil to inhale to cure catarrh and bronchial affections. The Menomini also used this plant as a remedy for catarrh, steeping the leaves and inflorescences in a tea. The Meskwaki used this plant in combination with other plants to relieve colds. The Hocak (Winnebago) used wild bergamot in their sweat bath and inhaled the fumes to cure colds. A decoction of boiled leaves was used as a cure for eruptions on the face. The Cherokee made a warm poultice of the plant to relieve a headache. The Teton Dakota boiled together the leaves and flowers as a cure for abdominal pains. The Blackfoot made a tea from the blossoms and leaves to cure stomach pains. They also applied boiled leaves to the pustules of acne. The Tewa dried the plant and ground it into a powder that was rubbed over the head to cure headaches, over the body to cure fever, and as a remedy for sore eyes and colds. Early white settlers used it as a diaphoretic and carminative, and occasionally employed it for the relief of flatulent colic, nausea and vomiting